Progress in Orthodontics
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 100-106, November 2011

Dentition phase and chronological age in relation to gingival crevicular fluid alkaline phosphatase activity in growing subjects

  • Giuseppe Perinetti

      Affiliations

    • Resident, Orthodontic Program, Department of Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Struttura Complessa di Clinica Odontoiatrica e Stomatologica, Ospedale Maggiore, piazza Ospitale 1 - 34129 Trieste, Italy.
  • ,
  • Tiziano Baccetti

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Florence, Italy, and Thomas M. Graber Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
  • ,
  • Bruno Di Leonardo

      Affiliations

    • Resident, Orthodontic Program, Department of Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Italy
  • ,
  • Roberto Di Lenarda

      Affiliations

    • Professor and Chair, Department of Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Italy
  • ,
  • Luca Contardo

      Affiliations

    • Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Italy

Received 11 April 2011; accepted 14 April 2011. published online 06 June 2011.

Summary 

Objective

Identification of skeletal maturation phases is of primary importance in terms of individual responsiveness to nearly all dentofacial orthopaedic treatments. In this regard, dentition phase and chronological age are still widely used to define the timing of and responsiveness to orthodontic treatments. Recently, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity has been shown to be a reliable biomarker of skeletal maturation in growing subjects. Here, for the first time, circumpubertal dentition phases and chronological age were evaluated for correlations with GCF ALP activity, as a biomarker of skeletal maturation.

Materials and methods

Eighty-five healthy growing subjects (51 females, 34 males; mean age, 11.7±2.3 years) were enrolled into this double-blind, prospective, cross-sectional-design study. Samples of GCF were collected from each subject at the mesial and distal sites of both of the central incisors, at the maxillary and mandibular arches. Their dentition phases were recorded as intermediate mixed, late mixed, or permanent. GCF ALP enzymatic activity was determined spectrophotometrically.

Results

The dentition phases showed median GCF ALP activities from 42.0 to 67.5 mU/sample. Although these were slightly greater for the permanent dentition, no significant differences were seen. Also, the chronological age did not correlate significantly with GCF ALP activity, and no significant differences were seen between maxillary and mandibular sites in any of the comparisons.

Conclusions

Assessment for treatment timing of dentofacial disharmonies in individual patients that require monitoring of their skeletal maturation phases should not rely on their circumpubertal dentition phase and chronological age.

Riassunto 

Obiettivo

L’identificazione della fase di maturazione scheletrica è di primaria importanza in termini di risposta individuale a quasi tutti i trattamenti di ortopedia dento-facciale. In questo contesto, la fase della dentizione e l’età cronologica sono ancora apiamente utilizzate nel definire il timing e la responsività al trattamento ortodontico. Recentemente, l’attività della fosfatasi alcalina (ALP) del fluido crevicolare gengivale (GCF) è stata mostrata essere un affidabile biomarker di maturazione scheletrica in soggetti in crescita. In questo studio, per la prima volta, le fasi di dentizione e l’età circumpuberali sono state studiate alla ricerca di correlazioni con l’attività dell’ALP del GCF, usata come biomarker di maturazione scheletrica.

Materiali e metodi

Ottantacinque soggetti in crescita (51 femmine, 34 maschi; età media 11.7±2.3 anni) sono stati inclusi in questo studio trasversale, porspettico e a doppio cieco. I campioni di GCF sono stati raccolti da ogni soggetto nei siti mesiali e distali di entrambi gli incisivi centrali, superiori e inferiori. La fase della dentizione è stata registrata come mista intermedia, mista tardiva e permanente. L’attività dell’ALP del GCF è stata determinata spettrofotometricamente.

Risultati

Le fasi della dentizione hanno mostrato delle mediane di attività dell’ALP del GCF tra 42.0 to 67.5 mU/campione. Nonostante l’attività è stata lievemente più alta per la dentizione permanente, differenze significative non sono state riscontrate. Ancora, l’età cronologica non si è correlata significativamente con l’attività dell’ALP, e nessuna differenza significativa è stata vista tra i siti mascellari e mandibolari.

Conclusioni

La determinazione individuale del timing per il trattamento delle disarmonie dento-facciali, in pazienti che richiedono il monitoraggio della maturazione scheletrica, non dovrebbe fare affidamento sulle fasi di permuta e l’età cronologica circumpuberali.

Résumé 

Objectif

L’identification de la phase de maturation squelettique revêt une importance fondamentale en termes de réponse individuelle à presque tous les traitements d’orthopédie dento-faciale. Dans ce cadre, la phase de denture et l’âge chronologique constituent encore des éléments phares pour définir le timing et la réactivité au traitement orthodontique. Récemment, l’activité de la phosphatase alcaline (ALP) du fluide créviculaire gingival (GCF) s’est avérée être un biomarqueur formidable de la maturation squelettique chez des sujets en croissance. Dans cette étude, pour la première fois, les phases de denture et d’âge circumpubérales ont été étudiées pour chercher des corrélations avec l’activité ALP du GCF, utilisée comme biomarqueur de maturation squelettique.

Matériels et méthode

85 sujets en croissance (51 femmes, 34 hommes; âge moyen 11,7±2,3ans) ont été inclus dans cette étude transversale, prospective et en double aveugle. Les échantillons de GCF ont été collectés chez chaque sujet dans les parties mésiales et distales des deux incisives centrales, supérieures et inférieures. La phase de denture a été enregistrée comme mixte intermédiaire, mixte tardive et permanente. L’activité ALP du GCF a été déterminée d’un point de vue spectrophotométrique.

Résultats

Les phases de denture ont montré des médianes de l’activité ALP du GCF entre 42.0 et 67,5 mU/échantillon. Bien que l’activité ait été légèrement plus élevée pour la denture permanente, aucune différence significative n’a été enregistrée. Qui plus est, l’âge chronologique n’avait aucun lien significatif avec l’activité de l’ALP et aucune différence significative n’a été identifié entre les parties maxillaires et mandibulaires.

Conclusions

La détermination individuelle du timing pour le traitement des dysharmonies dento-faciales, chez des patients qui demandent le suivi de la maturation squelettique, ne devrait pas compter sur les phases de denture et d’âge chronologique circumpubérales.

Resumen 

Objetivo

La identificación de la fase de maduración esquelética es de importancia fundamental en términos de reactividad a casi todos los tratamientos de ortopedia dentofacial. En este marco, aún se recurre con mucha frecuencia a la fase de dentición y edad cronológica para definir la temporización y la reactividad al tratamiento ortodóncico. Recientemente, la actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) del fluido crevicular gingival (FCG) resultó ser un biomarcador efectivo de maduración esquelética en sujetos en crecimiento. En esta investigación fueron estudiadas, por primera vez, las fases de dentición y de edad circumpuberales, buscando correlaciones entre la actividad de ALP del FCG, utilizada como biomarcador de maduración esquelética.

Materiales y métodos

Ochenta y cinco sujetos en crecimiento (51 mujeres, 34 varones; edad promedio 11, 7±2,3 años) fueron incluidos en este estudio transversal, prospectivo, doble ciego. Las muestras del FCG fueron recogidas por cada sujeto en las localizaciones mesiales y distales de ambos incisivos centrales, superiores e inferiores, La fase de la dentición fue indicada como mixta intermedia, mixta tardía y permanente. Determinación espectrofotométrica de la actividad de ALP del FCG Resultados: en las fases de la dentición destacaron medianas de actividad de ALP del GCF entre 42,0 y 67,5 mU/muestra. A pesar de que la actividad resultó ligeramente más alta para la dentición permanente, no se experimentaron diferencias significativas. Asimismo, la edad cronológica no resultó relacionada, de manera significativa, con la actividad de ALP, y ninguna diferencia de relieve fue identificada entre las localizaciones maxilares y mandibulares.

Conclusiones

La determinación individual de la temporización para tratar las disarmonías dentofaciales en pacientes que requieren del seguimiento de la maduración esquelética no debería confiar en las fase de dentición y de edad cronológica circumpuberales.

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase, Dental eruption, Dentition phase, Diagnosis, Gingival crevicular fluid

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PII: S1723-7785(11)00036-8

doi:10.1016/j.pio.2011.04.002

Progress in Orthodontics
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 100-106, November 2011